FRANKFURT AM MAIN • The euro turns 20 next Tuesday, marking two tumultuous decades that saw the single currency survive a make-or-break crisis and become a fixture in financial markets and Europeans' wallets.

But it is destined to remain a fragile giant without closer euro zone integration, observers say.

Born on Jan 1, 1999, the euro initially existed only as a virtual currency used in accounting and financial transactions.

It became a physical reality for Europeans three years later, and its coins and notes are now used by over 340 million people in 19 European Union countries.

The currency was not immediately loved, with many perceiving its arrival as an unwelcome price hike. In Germany, it was nicknamed the "teuro", a pun on the German word for expensive.

But the ease of travelling and doing business across borders in the euro area without having to worry about foreign exchange fluctuations quickly won hearts and minds.

Today, the euro is more popular than ever despite the rise of eurosceptic, populist movements in a slew of countries.

In a November survey for the European Central Bank (ECB), 74 per cent of euro zone citizens said the euro had been good for the EU, while 64 per cent said it had been good for their nation.

"The euro is anchored in the population - even anti-establishment parties have had to acknowledge that," said Mr Nicolas Veron, a senior fellow at the Bruegel think-tank in Brussels and the Peterson Institute for International Economics in Washington.

The euro is now the world's No. 2 currency, though it remains some way off from challenging the dominance of the US dollar.

The euro reached a defining moment when the aftershocks of the 2008 financial crisis triggered a euro zone debt crisis that culminated in bailouts of several countries, pushing the currency union to breaking point and severely testing the club's unity.

Experts say the turbulent time exposed the original flaws of the euro project, including the lack of fiscal solidarity through the pooling of debt, investments and therefore risks, or the lack of a lender of last resort.

The turmoil also highlighted the economic disparity between member states, particularly between the more fiscally prudent north and debt-laden southern nations.

ECB chief Mario Draghi was credited with saving the euro in 2012 when he uttered the now legendary words - that the Frankfurt institution, in charge of euro zone monetary policy, would do "whatever it takes" to preserve the currency.

The ECB promised to buy up, if necessary, unlimited amounts of government bonds from debt-stricken countries. The scheme, known as outright monetary transactions, succeeded in calming the waters but has never actually been used.

To keep money flowing across the euro zone and ward off the threat of deflation, a crippling downward spiral of prices and economic activity, the ECB has still taken unprecedented action in recent years.

It has set interest rates at historic lows, offered cheap loans to banks and bought more than €2.6 trillion (S$4.1 trillion) in government and corporate bonds between 2015 and this year.

With inflation inching closer to the bank's goal of just under 2 per cent, the stimulus has been widely judged as a monetary policy success story.

But observers say the 19 single-currency nations have not done enough to carry out the political reforms necessary to better arm the region for future downturns and achieve greater economic convergence.

The long-mooted banking union remains incomplete amid disagreement over the creation of a Europe-wide deposit insurance scheme.

French President Emmanuel Macron's flagship proposal for a euro zone budget has been considerably watered down, with members agreeing this month to only explore a scaled-down version of the idea while staying vague on details.

Mr Macron's more ambitious plans for a euro zone finance minister or a European version of the International Monetary Fund have been pushed aside.

The ECB, meanwhile, has gone "as far as it can" in shoring up the euro, said Mr Gilles Moec, a former French central bank economist.

But Mr Vernon took a more upbeat view, saying the euro had been strengthened by the clean-up of banks' balance sheets, efforts to rein in public debt and the ECB's extraordinary actions.

The euro is now "a giant with feet of bricks rather than clay", he said.

AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE